By W. Carroll Johnson III, PhD
I had to earn several required merit badges to attain the rank of Eagle Scout. One was the nature merit badge. The assigned counselor was an esteemed horticulturalist from Auburn University; a native-born German who had a heart of gold and a Germanic brogue that unintentionally intimidated a teenager.
That was not an easy merit badge. I had to work for it under his terms. One of the foundational topics we discussed was the chemical composition of the atmosphere — the air we breathe. What is the most common element in the atmosphere? The answer is nitrogen, at 78 percent. Forty- eight years later, I still remember the question and, more important, the answer. Hold that thought. Nitrogen fertilizers are a cornerstone in the production of many forage crops in food plots, including sorghum, brassica forages, cereal grains and sugar beets. In contrast with nitrogen-fixing legumes, such as clover and alfalfa, these crops need nitrogen fertilizer. Entire soil science careers have been spent studying nitrogen fertilizer sources, behavior in soils and improving the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer use. Plants use nitrogen to make amino acids, the building blocks for proteins. Those proteins are essential for the structural components of plants. Nitrogen is also a component in chlorophyll, the pigment that captures light and energizes the processes associated with photosynthesis. Plants deficient in nitrogen are stunted and have yellowish leaves (called chlorosis). Plants with adequate nitrogen have vigorous growth and deep green color. Nitrogen alone does not optimize plant growth, as there must be a correct balance with other plant nutrients. Forages heavily fertilized with nitrogen fertilizer, although deficient in other essential plant nutrients, might look healthy but might not have ideal flavor or nutrition. Nitrogen is only one piece of the plant nutrition matrix.Nitrogen Behavior in Soils Nitrogen readily changes chemical form in the
soil. The final nitrogen form for plant uptake is nitrate. Nitrates move
downward in the soil with percolating water (leaching). In extreme cases,
nitrate leaching can create large-scale environmental hazards to streams,
rivers and lakes. This is a compelling reason to use nitrogen fertilizers
wisely and according to the best management practices for each crop.
Nitrogen Fertilizers Nitrogen has three primary forms in fertilizers commonly used in food plots: ammonium, nitrate and urea. Which is the best nitrogen fertilizer source for food plots? All will work, but that question in a food plot management context is best answered by availability. When you consider real-world factors, the best nitrogen fertilizer source for food plots is the one readily available when needed. It’s important to understand the qualities of major nitrogen fertilizer sources and use them correctly.
Ammonium Fertilizers Ammonium sources of nitrogen are completely
synthesized. Common ammonium- based fertilizers include ammonium nitrate,
ammonium sulfate, di-ammonium phosphate and anhydrous ammonia. Ammonium-based
nitrogen fertilizers are often combined with other nitrogen sources in bagged
fertilizer. Two ammonium- based nitrogen fertilizers present unique hazards.
For many decades, ammonium nitrate was a commonly used nitrogen fertilizer.
However, ammonium nitrate is an explosive and presents unique storage
challenges at dealers. As a result, ammonium nitrate is heavily regulated and,
for practical purposes, unavailable. Anhydrous ammonia is a gas and requires specialized
equipment to apply. It’s not feasible for food plot use.
Nitrate Fertilizers Nitrate fertilizers can be naturally occurring
or synthesized. Naturally occurring nitrates are mined as sodium nitrate in
arid regions of Chile, a mainstay source of supplemental nitrogen decades ago,
and a commodity of strategic importance in the first part of the 20th century.
Currently, most nitrate fertilizers are synthesized. Common synthesized nitrate
fertilizers include calcium nitrate, potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate. In
commercial agriculture, nitrate fertilizers are premium fertilizer products
used on high-value crops that have very specific nutritional needs.
Urea Fertilizer Urea is a common nitrogen fertilizer that’s
synthesized from a chemical reaction of ammonia with carbon dioxide. When
formulated as dry fertilizer, urea fertilizer contains 46 percent nitrogen (46-
0-0), which is the highest concentration of nitrogen available in dry
fertilizer. Urea is the least costly form of nitrogen fertilizer because of its
ease of manufacture. Additionally, concentrated urea offers many logistical advantages
when managing food plots in remote locations, including fewer bags of
fertilizer to transport and apply to food plots. Finally, fertilizers
containing urea are readily available at most dealers and retail outlets. Urea
is a versatile fertilizer and commonly blended with other nitrogen sources. An
example is 34-0-0, which contains 34 percent nitrogen (24.5 percent from urea
and 9.5 percent from ammonium sulfate). Some premium urea fertilizers are coated
with sulfur or a polymer for controlled release, which improves efficiency. Urea
can be formulated to be mixed with water and applied as a foliar spray to
provide small amounts of nitrogen to improve nitrogen utilization efficiency. Urea
fertilizer has some important quirks that require additional discussion. A
natural process in the soil converts urea to ammonia (a volatile gas), then to
ammonium and finally to nitrate for plant uptake through the roots. Urease, a
naturally occurring enzyme in the soil, converts urea to ammonia. This step in
the chemical transformation is the basis for two disadvantages of urea-based
nitrogen fertilizers. Urea changes to volatile ammonia, and some of the
nitrogen is lost to the atmosphere if the fertilizer is left on the soil
surface and not mixed with the soil. Nitrogen loss before being fully used by
crops reduces efficiency. Similarly, the high concentration of ammonia gas at
the soil surface is toxic to seedling crops. Both issues are exasperated during
hot summer weather, which speeds the chemical conversion from urea to ammonia.
Further, applying the full amount of concentrated urea fertilizer in one
application increases the chances for significant nitrogen loss and ammonia
toxicity to seedlings by simply increasing in the volume of ammonia being
generated. Some commercially available fertilizer additives temporarily hinder
the soil-inhabiting urease enzyme that converts urea to volatile ammonia.
Urease inhibitors are additives blended with bulk fertilizer that slow the
enzymatic conversion to ammonia. With food plots, managing nitrogen loss and
ammonia toxicity does not necessarily require the additional expense of using a
urease inhibitor. Nitrogen loss from urea can be managed by simply altering food
plot management practices, such as using ammonium or nitrate fertilizers, applying
urea before planting and lightly mixing (harrowing) it with the soil, and
splitting the urea rate such that half is applied before planting and half 30
to 45 days after planting. In 2022, expect fertilizer to be costly — especially
nitrogen fertilizer. Do not let the high cost of nitrogen fertilizer discourage
you from applying recommended amounts of nitrogen. Otherwise, forage growth
will be subpar and forage quality (nutrition and flavor) will be compromised. Double
down by following the nitrogen recommendations on the Whitetail Institute soil
test report for the products you’re planting and calibrating your application equipment
to apply the correct fertilizer rate. In the case of urea, take appropriate measures
to prevent nitrogen loss.
More on Nitrogen Going back to the beginning of this article,
think about the lesson I learned: 78 percent of the atmosphere is nitrogen gas.
Nitrogen in the atmosphere is very stable, almost inert, and not in a form for use
by plants. One of the breakthroughs in modern agricultural science and chemical
engineering was the Haber-Bosch process, by which atmospheric nitrogen is converted
to ammonia, a building block for all synthesized nitrogen fertilizers. The
Haber-Bosch process revolutionized modern agriculture. However, the process is
also used to manufacture base components of munitions, which helped shape world
political history during and immediately after World War I. I admit that I can
be somewhat of a geek, particularly regarding science and world history. The
book “The Alchemy of Air” by Thomas Hagar discusses the science of the
Haber-Bosch process and how that became a major factor in international politics
in the early 20th century. This book is not over-the-top science, but contains
just enough to illustrate the immense challenges scientists faced to capture
atmospheric nitrogen and convert it to a useful consumer product such as
nitrogen fertilizer. The information will not improve your food plots but will help
you understand how a seemingly obscure discovery shaped our world. EPILOGUE It’s
worth noting that although this article focuses on nitrogen as a plant nutrient
and nitrogen fertilizers, organic forms of nitrogen are components of soil
organic matter. Enhancing soil organic matter is a goal of long-term efforts to
improve soil health. That aspect of nitrogen management is a topic of another
article.
